The ENSO phenomenon is one of the key factors that influence the interannual variability of precipitation over Southern South America. We identified the regional response of precipitation to El Niño/La Niña events, with emphasis in drought conditions. We found coherent and significant precipitation responses to ENSO phases at a regional level, with deficits under La Niña conditions. The results provide critical baseline information for the agricultural and water resources sectors.

Acute diarrhoea diseases (ADDs) are one of the major health problems in Aguascalientes, Mexico. Due to the risk of significant increases of ADDs in the hot season, it has been necessary to determine the weather conditions that might lead to escalating ADD events. The effects of El Niño and La Niña phenomena on the morbidity rate of ADD (MRADD) in the State of Aguascalientes were determined during the period of 2000–2010. The MRADD was calculated from cases reported by the State Health Department.

This paper reports the results of our study about the El Niño and La Niña impacts on local monthly and seasonal precipitation, and the occurrence of extreme dry/precipitation events on mountain regions exposed to several climate variability processes in Colombia and México. We did this research because we work on rural studies and this kind of climate analyses can be usefull for the development of strategies to improve crop production and resource management by local stackeholders and farmers.

We studied the relationship between the midsummer drought (MSD) in Central America, and the sea surface temperatures (SST) of the neighbouring ocean in interannual scales. Besides, the motivation of this study is also to provide a systematic method for forecasting the MSD period. We found that the intensity and the magnitude of the MSD shown a strong association with the contrast in the surface temperatures between the eastern tropical Pacific, and the tropical north Atlantic.

Weather forecasters in Maritime Continent countries base their weekly outlooks on the seasonal progression of the monsoon wind systems. The onset of the monsoon was compared between El Niño and La Niña years using satellite sea surface winds. Rather than being delayed throughout the Maritime Continent during El Niño years, the monsoon was seen to arrive faster at and remain longer over the western Maritime Continent, and therefore delayed for the eastern Maritime Continent.

The paper originally presented a different approach to using the El Niño indexes (ONI and MEI) in relation to small pelagic landings in Ecuador. Apart from finding relationships from a statistical point of view, the results of present work give an idea how much high- and low-frequency events can affect these fisheries, which are very important for the Ecuadorian economy and an employment asset. These results will enable fishermen and fish resource managers to somehow see ahead in a short time.

We investigate the factors that determine the longer lead ENSO predictability in the 1980-2012 period. We compare different versions of the prediction model using some variables that contain tropical or extratropical information.We observe that where tropical predictors are used the prediction reproduces only the equatorial characteristics of the warming (cooling). However, where extratropical predictors are included, the predictions are able to simulate the absorbed warming in the SPCZ.

This Paper endeavors to find or understand the relationships between tuna landings and dramatic events as El Niño in the Central Eastern Pacific and visualize the impact of long term oscillations, like the Pacific decadal Oscillation (PDO). Here for the first time tuna landing, fish efforts and the El Niño indexes (ONI and MEI) are correlated to find how the later affect the tuna fishery. Special attention has been put on tuna landings in Ecuador.