The combination of VLBI Intensive and GNSS Rapid products on the base of Normal Equations for a consistent estimation of a full set of EOPs is focused. In this context, meaningful investigations of the obtained accuracies have been carried out. The combined estimates of polar motion, UT1 and their associated rates are therefore discussed and compared with respect to the official reference series and the specific single solutions, respectively.

We study oscillations recorded at Stromboli and Campi Flegrei by different sensors. Seismicity and deformation are investigated on several time scales in order to identify the basic elements of their interaction, whose understanding should provide new insights on the predictive models. At Stromboli, a departure from the equilibrium state is marked by solid tide variations in a certain frequency band. At Campi Flegrei diurnal to annual solid tides modulate an increase of volcanic activity.

Here, three schemes have been considered for remedying the rank deficiency of the GNSS tomography problem. For this purpose, the Virtual Reference Stations (VRS) and horizontal and vertical constraints have been defined to analyze the impact of different constraints on the accuracy of the reconstructed refractivity field. The obtained results illustrate that applying VRS stations in the sparse GNSS Network can lead to a better solution compared to applying horizontal and vertical constraints.

In this article we analyze the benefit of computing a combined solution from individual orbit solutions for the low Earth orbiting satellite Sentinel-3A. The selected combination scheme for calculating the combined solution is Variance Component Estimation. It could be shown that a combination of individual solutions can be beneficial in terms of Satellite Laser Ranging validation. In our opinion the findings are well transferable to other satellite missions.

In this study we investigate groundwater flow in the deep subsurface of the Upper Rhine Graben. We make use of a 3-D numerical model covering the entire Upper Rhine Graben. The deep hydrodynamics are characterized by fluid flow from the graben flanks towards its center and in the southern half of the graben from south to north. Moreover, local heterogeneities in the shallow flow field arise from the interaction between regional groundwater flow and the heterogeneous sedimentary configuration.

Satellite Laser Ranging is one of the four fundamental geodetic space techniques for the accurate determination of geodetic key parameters related to the Earth’s geometry, rotation and gravity field. As the current global SLR station distribution is quite inhomogeneous, a simulation study has been performed in order to determine locations on Earth where additional SLR sites will be most valuable for an improvement of the results, the Antarctic region having been identified as a first priority.

The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) performs experiments in the Swiss Mont Terri rock laboratory to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of a repository. Activities and results by BGR from actual and still ongoing experiments are presented exemplarily focusing on main aspects regarding the behaviour of underground facilities. BGR's focus lies mainly on aspects of the construction, post-closure transient, and partly post-closure equilibrium phases.

The precise knowledge of the orientation of an Earth fixed coordinate system with respect to space is of great importance for all tasks of positioning and navigation. In this work we investigated the potential of combining measurements of Very Long Baseline Interferometry and a large ring laser gyroscope to derive highly resolved parameters describing this orientation. The ring laser is not yet at the same level of accuracy and therefore does not substantially influence the results.

Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI) is the oldest institute in Turkey recording, locating and archiving catalogs of earthquakes in the region. A review on the duration magnitude (M_d) and local magnitude (M_l) variations has been made and a relationship between M_d and M_l has been obtained in order to homogenize KOERI's earthquake catalogs of different time periods.

The increase of drought periods and the high water volume demand for agricultural purposes in Italy suggest to evaluate a full and rational use of all water resources, leading to a rediscovery and enhancement of untapped resources. Specifically, this research focuses on small reservoirs and on their potential contribution to a sustainable water management in agriculture.

Salt caverns are important as subsurface storage space. Knowledge of geochemical interactions in the transition zone between cavity and salt rock is necessary. Lab-based experiments were performed in hand-sized specimens by creating cm-sized cavities. XRF mapping represents a suitable technique to track spatial mineralogical changes related to rock-fluid interaction in salt rocks and showed a clear separation between Na, Mg and K salt layers. Fluorescent visualize potential fluid pathways.

Malmfjärden Bay is semi-enclosed bay located in southeastern Sweden. The water body is currently shallow and requires dredging of bottom sediments to prevent a decreasing water level. This study aimed to characterize its sediments to define potential beneficial uses. The sediments are rich in organic content, have a high concentration of nitrogen and a low–medium concentration of metals. According to Swedish legislation, such sediments can only be employed in industrial and commercial areas.

District heating and cooling systems are a viable sustainable solution to provide heat and cold in urban environments. We describe fifth generation district heating and cooling (5GDHC) systems and show how this concept differs from conventional district heating systems. A 5GDHC system is decentralized, bi-directional, close to ground temperature networks that use direct exchange of warm and cold return flows and thermal storage to balance thermal demand as much as possible.

This paper presents a case study from the Sherwood Sandstone Group of North-West England. Measurements taken from published outcrop data and borehole core were used to give an indicative ratio of height to length of different types of unit within the group. This ratio can be used to predict the distribution of these units in the subsurface where information is limited to borehole core. The information can be used to model how water and gases move through these sandstones.

This study investigated profiles of air toxics from mobile sources, stationary sources, and the operations in a port in an industrial metropolitan area in Taiwan. Six carcinogens, including benzene, formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, arsenic, 2,3,7,8-TCDD, and diesel particulate matter (DPM), were chosen as the target pollutants. DPM was the pollutant that posed the highest cancer risk among all six air toxics. The dominant sources of DPM were ocean-going vessels and diesel trucks.

In a chaotic system, like moist convection, it is difficult to separate the impact of a physical process from effects of natural variability. This is because modifying even a small element of the system physics typically leads to a different system evolution. This paper discusses a relatively simple and computationally efficient modelling methodology that allows separation of the physical impact from differences originating from contrasting flow realizations.

The focus of the paper is to evaluate the permeability change of a matrix-fracture systems under mechanical loading und to understand the processes behind. This evaluation is based on data from laboratory experiments in comparison to 3-D numerical modelling results.

Faint earth tremors may occur when exploiting geological reservoirs to extract hydrocarbons, produce geothermal energy, or store CO2. This microseismicity may reveal the location of fractures within the reservoir, and the mechanical stresses acting on them. We present and demonstrate (on laboratory data) a new workflow for analysing microseismic data, considering fracture models relevant to geoengineering applications to infer fracture mechanisms and the stress conditions local to them.

In this study, we are interested in quantifying natural fracture density variability, at any scale. We develop and numerically validate analytical solutions considering stochastic Discrete Fracture Networks, with application to networks following power-law fracture size distributions. Particularly, we show that for this kind of networks, the scaling of three-dimensional fracture density variability clearly depends on the power-law exponent, but not on the orientation distribution.